Copyright
AAAS 2000
 
About the Atlas
 
My Atlas
 
Contents
 
Introduction
 
Foreword
 
Part 1: OVERVIEW
 

Part 2: ATLAS

Population and natural resources

Population and landuse

Population and atmosphere

Population, waste and chemicals

Population and ecosystems

Population and biodiversity

Atlas endnotes
 
Part 3:
CASE STUDIES
 
Issues
 
Sources
 
Background Sources
 
World Map & Conversion Tables
 
Contributors and Disclaimer
 
OurPlanet
 

 

Population and natural resources

  1. FAOSTAT, 2000.
  2. Ibid.
  3. WWF, Living Planet Report 1999, 1999.
  4. Gleick, Water in Crisis, Oxford University Press, 1993.
  5. WRI, World Resources 1998-99, 1999.
  6. Abramouitz and Mattoon, Paper Cuts: Recovering the Paper Landscape, Worldwatch Institute, 1999.
  7. Ibid.

Energy

  1. Kete, What Might a Developing Country Climate Commitment Look Like, WRI, 1999.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Flavin, in State of the World 1999, Worldwatch Institute, 1999.
  4. Ibid.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Goldemberg, Guardian,
    29 October 1998.
  7. Martin, Shell World, April 1999.
  8. Pearce, New Scientist, May 1, 1999.
  9. Brown, in State of the World 2000, Worldwatch Institute, 2000.
  10. WHO, Health and Environment in Sustainable Development, 1997.
  11. Sinton, Energy Policy, 26: 813, 2000.

Freshwater

  1. Postel et al., Science, 271: 785, 1996.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Serageldin, quoted in Population Reports, 1995.
  4. WRI, World Resources 2000-2001, 2000.
  5. Gleick, The World’s Water, Island Press, 1999.
  6. Worldwatch Institute, Vital Trends 1999-2000, 2000.
  7. Brown, Beyond Malthus, W.W. Norton, 1999.

Foodcrops

  1. After Bender, Environment, 29(2): 10, 1997.
  2. FAOSTAT, 2000.
  3. Conway, The Doubly Green Revolution, Penguin, 1997.
  4. Ibid.
  5. Pretty, Agricultural Systems 2000, in press.
  6. Conway, op. cit.
  7. Brown, Beyond Malthus, W.W. Norton, 1999.
  8. FAO, Food for All, 1996.
  9. Parry, Global Environmental Change, 9: 551.
  10. FAO, op. cit.

Meat and fish

  1. US Department of Agriculture, World Markets and Trends 1998.
  2. Steinfeld et al., Livestock-Environment Interactions,
    FAO, 1996.
  3. Ehui, 2020 Vision, IFPRI, March 1999.
  4. IFPRI, The World Food Situation, 1997.
  5. UNEP, Global Environment Outlook 2000, Earthscan, 1999.
  6. Steinfeld, op. cit.
  7. Robinson et al., Science, 284: 595, 1999.
  8. WRI, World Resources 1996-97, 1997.
  9. Advisory Committee on Fisheries Management, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), 1999.
  10. Brown, Beyond Malthus, W.W. Norton, 1999.
  11. Nickerson, Ecological Economics, 29: 279, 1999.
  12. Hinrichsen, Coastal Waters of the World, Island Press, 1998.

Forest products

  1. Population Action International, Forest Futures, 1999.
  2. FAO, Forest Resources Assessment 1990, 1995.
  3. Population Action International, op. cit.
  4. FAO, op. cit.
  5. FAOSTAT, July 2000.
  6. FAO, op. cit.
  7. Sedjo, Resources for the Future, 1998.
  8. Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 1998, 1998.
  9. Calder, The Blue Revolution, Earthscan, 1999.
  10. Dijk, Assessment of Non-wood Forest Product Resources in Cameroon, Tropenbos Foundation, 1998.
  11. Robinson et al., Science, 284: 595, 1999.

International trade

  1. Gornitz, Climate Change,
    7: 285, 1985.
  2. WTO Secretariat, Trade
    and Environment Report, October 1999.
  3. Communication from Egypt to the WTO’s High-Level Symposium on Trade and Development, March 1999.
  4. Pretty, Agricultural Systems 2000, in press.
  5. Gong, China Daily,
    December 1, 1999.

Population and landuse

  1. Richards, in Clark and Munn, Sustainable Development of the Biosphere, Cambridge University Press/IIASA, 1986.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Dean, in Tucker and Richards (eds), Global Deforestation and the 19th Century World Economy, Duke University Press, 1983.
  4. Woodall, Japan under Construction, University of California Press, 1996.
  5. O’Meara, Reinventing Cities, Worldwatch Institute, 1999; Robins, Suburbs: best of both worlds, Resurgence, January 2000.
  6. Box, Conservation or greening, the challenge of post-industrial landscapes, British Wildlife, 3: 273, 1993.
  7. Gibson, Brownfield red data: the values artificial habitats have for uncommon invertebrates, Research Reports, English Nature, 1998.
  8. Dover, To Feed the Earth,
    WRI, 1987.
  9. Pearce, New Scientist, November 27, 1993.

Croplands

  1. Tilman, PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA), 96: 5995, 1999.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Vitousek et al., Issues in Ecology, Spring 1997.
  4. Ibid.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Matson, Science, 277: 504, 1997.
  7. WRI, World Resources 1998-99, 1999.
  8. Ibid.
  9. Pimentel, Science, 267: 1117, 1995.
  10. Ibid.
  11. Tilman, op. cit.
  12. The Potential of Agroecology to Combat Hunger in the Developing World, IFPRI, 1998.

Pastures

  1. Richards, in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, Turner et al. (eds), Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  2. FAOSTAT, July 2000.
  3. UNEP, Global Environment Outlook 2000, Earthscan, 1999.
  4. Conway, The Doubly Green Revolution, Penguin, 1997.
  5. Steinfeld, Livestock-Environment Interactions, FAO, 1996.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Ibid.
  8. Ibid.
  9. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Livestock and Nutrient Transfer, (www.cgiar.org/ilri/ factsheet).
  10. Ibid.
  11. de Haan et al., Livestock and the Environment, FAO, 1996.
  12. Steinfeld, op. cit.
  13. de Haan et al., op. cit.

Mineral extraction

  1. Gardner and Sampat, Mind over Matter, Worldwatch Institute, 1998.
  2. Jernelov and Ramel, Ambio, 27: 155, 1998.
  3. UNEP, Global Environment Outlook 2000, Earthscan, 1999.
  4. Gardner and Sampat, op. cit.

Migration and tourism

  1. WRI, World Resources 1998-99, 1999.
  2. Myers, Environmental Exodus, Climate Institute, 1995.
  3. Homer-Dixon, Population and Conflict, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), 1994.
  4. Brown, Beyond Malthus, W.W. Norton, 1999.
  5. Myers, op. cit.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Töpfer, Our Planet, 10(1), UNEP, 1999.
  8. Ibid.
  9. Honey, Environment, 41(5): 4.

Urbanization

  1. Girardet, Connections, Autumn 1995.
  2. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), pers. comm.
  3. Irwin, UNESCO Courier, June 1999.
  4. WRI, World Resources 1996-97, 1997.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Satterthwaite, An Urbanizing World, United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, 1996.
  7. Ibid.
  8. Rees, People and the Planet, 5(2): 6, 1996.
  9. Girardet, Independent on Sunday, April 14, 1996.
  10. Chameides, PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA), November 1999.
  11. People and the Planet, 5(2): 9, 1996.
  12. Satterthwaite, op. cit.
  13. Ibid.

Population and atmosphere

  1. Brimblecombe, The Big Smoke, Methuen, 1987.
  2. WRI, World Resources 1998-99, 1999.
  3. Stoddard et al., Nature, 401:
    575, 1999.
  4. UNEP, Global Environment Outlook 2000, Earthscan, 1999.
  5. Vitousek et al., Issues in Ecology, Spring 1997.
  6. Carson, Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin, 1962.
  7. Colborn et al., Our Stolen Future, Little Brown, London, 1996.
  8. AMAP, Arctic Pollution Issues, 1997.
  9. UNEP, op. cit.
  10. Ibid.
  11. Houghton and Skole, in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, Turner et al. (eds), Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  12. Houghton et al., Climate Change 1995, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  13. WRI, World Resources 1998-99, 1999.
  14. Rasmussen and Khalil, Nature, 332: 242, 1998.

Climate change

  1. IPCC Working Group 1, Third Assessment Report, forthcoming.
  2. WRI, World Resources 1998-99, 1999.
  3. Ibid.
  4. WRI, World Resources 1994-95, 1995.
  5. Hadley Centre, Climate Change and its Impacts, 1999.
  6. Houghton et al., Climate Change 1995, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  7. Hadley Centre, op. cit.
  8. Ibid.
  9. Sharp, Lancet, 347: 1612, 1996.
  10. Rahmstorf, New Scientist,
    February 8, 1997.
  11. Sinton et al., Energy Policy, 26: 813, 1998.
  12. Reilly et al., Nature, 401: 549, 1999.
  13. Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2000, 2000.
  14. IPCC Working Group 1, Third Assessment Report, forthcoming.
  15. Pearce, New Scientist, November 29, 1997.

Air pollution

  1. Schwele, Public Health Implications of Urban Air Pollution in Developing Countries, Proceedings of the 10th World Clean Air Congress, 1995.
  2. UNEP, Global Environment Outlook 2000, Earthscan, 1999.
  3. Ibid.
  4. World Bank, News Release, 96/68S, May 18, 1996.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Data on areas where critical loads are exceeded, RIVM, 1998.
  7. Stoddard et al., Nature, 401: 575, 1999.
  8. Forest Condition Survey of Europe 1998, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), 1999.
  9. Clear Water, Blue Skies: China’s Environment in the New Century, World Bank, 1997.
  10. UNEP, op. cit.
  11. RAINS Asia: An assessment Model for Air Pollution in Asia, report to World Bank, 1995.
  12. AMAP, Arctic Pollution Issues, 1997.
  13. Science News, 154: 374, 1998.
  14. The Indonesian Fires and Haze of 1997, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 1998.

Population, waste and chemicals

  1. Technologies for the Abatement of Methane Emissions, International Energy Agency Greenhouse (IEA) Gas R&D Programme, 1999.
  2. European Topic Centre on Waste, http://www.etc-waste.int.
  3. Cointreau-Levine, Private Sector Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Services in Developing Countries, World Bank, 1994.
  4. EPA, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1992 Update, EPA/OSWAER, 1992.
  5. Waste management in Ghana, Warmer Bulletin, 69, November 1999.
  6. Lean et al., Our Planet, 10(4), UNEP, 1999.
  

Industrial chemicals

  1. Smith, Introduction to contaminated land, Environment 97, 1997. On http://www.environment97.org/
    text/reception/r/techpapers/
    g22_biog-ab.htm    .
  2. Jacobson and Jacobson, New England Journal of Medicine, 335: 783, 1996.
  3. AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues,
    from Strosveien 96, PO Box 8100, Dep. N-0032, Oslo,
    Norway.
  4. The ENDS Report, 285: 12, October 1998.
  5. UNEP Chemicals, Dioxin
    and Furan Inventories:
    National and Regional Emissions of PCDD/PCDF, Geneva, May 1999.
  6. The ENDS Report, 220: 11, May 1993.
  7. Alcock and Jones, Environmental Science and Technology, 30: 3133, 1996.
  8. Allanou et al., Public Availability of Data on EU High Production Volume Chemicals, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra, Italy, 1999. On http://ecb.ei.jrc.it/Data-Availability-Documents/ datavail.pdf.
  9. Matthiessen, Environmental Science and Technology, 32(19): 460A, 1998.
  10. The ENDS Report, 282: 50, July 1998.

Agrochemicals

  1. FAO (Alexandratos, ed.), World Agriculture: Towards 2010, 1995.
  2. WRI, World Resources 1998-99, 1999.
  3. FAO, op. cit.
  4. The ENDS Report, 260, September 1996.
  5. Nature, 403: 80-84, January 2000.
  6. The ENDS Report, 278: 9, March 1998.
  7. Paerl, Limnology and Oceanography, 45: 1154-1165, 1997.
  8. Czepiel et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 29(9): 2352-2356, 1995.
  9. WRI, World Resources 1998-99, 1999.
  10. FAO, What is Integrated Pest Management?, 1998.
  11. The ENDS Report, 286: 9, March 1992.
  12. Turnbull et al., Journal of the Chartered Institute of Water and Environmental Management, 11, 1997.

Population and ecosystems

  1. Clark and Munn, Sustainable Development of the Biosphere, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  2. Ibid.
  3. WWF, Living Planet Report 2000, 2000.
  4. Turner et al., The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Moffat, Science, 279: 988, 1998.

Mountains

  1. Denniston, People and the Planet, 5(1), 1996.
  2. Price, Unasylva, 49: 3-12, 1998.
  3. Denniston, op. cit.
  4. World Bank, World Development Report 1998,
    1998.
  5. Denniston, op. cit.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 1995, 1995.
  8. Hasnain, Report of Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology, International Commission on Snow and Ice, 1999.
  9. Krajick, Science, 279: 1853, 1998.
  10. International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), World Disasters Report 1999, 1999.
  11. Calder, The Blue Revolution, Earthscan, 1999.

Forests

  1. Lewin, Science, 226: 36, 1984.
  2. Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 1998, 1998.
  3. FAO, Forest Resources Assessment 1990, 1995.
  4. Ibid.
  5. Dobson, Conservation and Biodiversity, Scientific American Library, 1998.
  6. FAO, op. cit.
  7. WRI, World Resources 1998-99, 1999.
  8. Department for International Development (UK), Indonesia-UK Tropical Forest Management Programme, London, 1999.
  9. ITTO, Guidelines for the Sustainable Management of Natural Tropical Forests, 1990.

Deserts and drylands

  1. UNCCD, Fact Sheet 1: An Introduction to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, 2000.
  2. Smith and Koala, Desertification: Myth and Reality, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 1999.
  3. Kerr, Science, 281: 633, 1998.
  4. Thomas and Middleton, Desertification: Exploding the Myth, John Wiley, 1994.
  5. UNEP, World Atlas of Desertification, Edward Arnold, 1992.
  6. Western, In the Dust of Kilimanjaro, Island Press, 1998.
  7. Jean-Marie Cour, The Sahel (report), Club du Sahel, 1998.
  8. Middleton, Research Paper 40, University of Oxford School of Geography, 1986.
  9. Tiffen et al., More People
    Less Erosion, John Wiley, 1994.
  10. Ibid.
  11. Harrison, The Greening of Africa, Paladin, 1987.
  12. Mortimore, Adapting to Drought, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  13. Worldwatch Institute, State
    of the World 1984, 1984.

Freshwater wetlands

  1. Dugan, Wetlands in Danger, Mitchell Beazley, 1993.
  2. Moser, Wetlands International, quoted in New Scientist, March 30, 1996.
  3. Barbier et al., Economic Valuation of Wetland Benefits, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 1991.
  4. Roush, Science, 276: 1029, 1997.
  5. EPA, Wetlands and Nature, 1999.
  6. Young, Environmental Science and Technology, 30: 292A, 1996.
  7. Crivelli and Pearce, Characteristics of Mediterranean Wetlands, Tour du Valat, 1994.

Mangroves and estuaries

  1. Choudhury, World Forestry Congress, 6, topic 38.6, 1997.
  2. Hinrichsen, Coasts in crisis, Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 1996, AAAS.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Choudhury, op. cit.
  5. Nickerson, Ecological Economics, 29: 279, 1999.
  6. Hinrichsen, op. cit.
  7. Cohen, Science, 278: 1209, 1997.
  8. Economist, May 23, 1998.
  9. Bryant et al., Coastlines at Risk, WRI Indicator Brief,
    1995.
  10. Sunghui and Hodgkiss, Harmful Algae News, (18), UNESCO, 1999.
  11. Harwood, Nature, 393: 17-18, 1998.
  12. Butler, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), reported by Reuters, March 28, 2000.
  13. Meinesz, EU International Seminar on Caulerpa Taxifolia, Nice, 1994.
  14. Hecht, New Scientist, February 21, 1998.
  15. Pearce, New Scientist, November 6, 1999.

Coral reefs

  1. Bryant et al., Reefs at Risk, WRI, 1998.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Ibid.
  5. Shinn, Coral mortality and African dust, Proceedings of Oceanographic Society (US), 1996.
  6. Kleypas, Science, 284: 118, 1999.
  7. Pearce, Our Planet, 10(3), UNEP, 1999.
  8. Seaweb, Pollution, climate change threaten world’s coral reefs, Ocean Update, 1999.
  9. Sheppard, Chagos Islands (report), UK Foreign Office, 1999.
  10. Costanza, Nature, 387: 253, 1997.
  11. Bryant et al., op. cit.

Regional seas

  1. Jeftic, UNEP Regional Seas Reports No 132, 1990.
  2. Platt, Dying Seas, Worldwatch Institute, 1995.
  3. Weber and Gradwohl, Wealth of the Oceans, W.W. Norton, 1995.
  4. Malakoff, Science, 281: 190, 1998; Moffat, Science, 279: 988, 1998.
  5. UNEP (Heywood, ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment, 1995.
  6. Hinrichsen, Coastal Waters
    of the World, Island Press, 1998; UNEP, Global Environment Outlook-1, Oxford University Press, 1997.
  7. Economist, May 23, 1998.
  8. Mulvaney, E Magazine, 9, Jan/Feb 1998.

Oceans

  1. Snelgrove and Madin, Oceanus, Fall 1995.
  2. Olsgard and Gray, Marine Ecology Progress Series,
    1995.
  3. Holmes, New Scientist, March 1, 1997.
  4. IPCC Working Group 1, Third Assessment Report, forthcoming.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Broecker, Science, 278: 1582, 1997.
  7. IPCC, op. cit.
  8. Nicholls et al., Global Environmental Change, 9: 589, 1999.

Polar regions

  1. Stone et al., Arctic Pollution Issues, AMAP, Oslo, 1997.
  2. Ibid.
  3. UNEP, Global Environment Outlook 2000, Earthscan, 1999.
  4. IPCC Working Group 1, Third Assessment Report, forthcoming.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Malloy et al., PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA), 94: 1258, 1997.

Population and biodiversity

  1. Service, Science, 275: 1740, 1997.
  2. Rosenzweig, Science, 284: 276, 1999.
  3. De Leo and Levin, Conservation Ecology, 1: 3, 1997.
  4. Balick and Cox, Plants, People and Culture, Scientific American Library, 1996.
  5. Myers, The Sinking Ark, Pergamon, 1979.
  6. Agro-ecology: Creating the Synergism for Sustainable Agriculture, UNDP, 1995.
  7. Wilson, Threats to biodiversity, Scientific American, September 1989.
  8. Managing Global Genetic Resources, National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 1992.
  9. Rosenthal and Grifo, Biodiversity and Human Health, Island Press, 1997.
  10. Shand, Human Nature, Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI), 1997.
  11. Wilson, The Diversity of Life, Harvard University Press, 1992.
  12. UNEP (Heywood, ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment, 1995.
  13. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Population and Sustainable Development: Five Years after Rio, 1997.

Species

  1. Bryant, Biodiversity and Conservation, hypertext book, 1997.
  2. WRI, A History of Extinction, 1992.
  3. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources, Chapman and Hall, 1992.
  4. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Biodiversity Series No. 8, Freshwater Biodiversity: A Preliminary Global Assessment, 1998.
  5. IUCN, 1996 Red List of Threatened Animals, 1996.
  6. UNEP (Heywood, ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment, 1995.
  7. Tuxill, Nature’s Cornucopia, Worldwatch Institute, 1999.
  8. Shand, Human Nature, RAFI, 1997.
  9. FAO, Plant Genetic Resources, 1993.
  10. Shand, op. cit.
  11. Cohen, Science, 276: 1329, 1997.

Ecosystems and conservation

  1. Myers, Nature, 403: 853, 2000.
  2. Harrison, The Third Revolution, Penguin, 1993.
  3. Myers, op. cit.
  4. Nabham and Buchmann, Nature's Services, Island Press, 1997.
  5. Salati, The Geophysiology of Amazonia, John Wiley, 1987.
  6. Daily et al., Issues in Ecology 2, Ecological Society of America, 1997.
  7. Jenkins, Madagascar: An Environmental Profile, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1987.

 

Ecosystems and conservation

 

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